Vocabulary

Anatomy - Study of body structure

Physiology - Study of body function

Cytology - Study of cells

Histology - Study of tissue

Embryology - Study of development

Pathology - study of diseased Tissue

Gross Anatomy - Study of large (visible) structure

Microscopic Anatomy - Study of small, microscopic, structures

Surface Anatomy - Study of the body from the outside

Cephalic/Superior - Top of head

Caudal - End of tail

Inferior - Soles of the feet

Body Axis - Top of head to groin

Medial axis - Main superior-inferior axis through the midline

Ventral/anterior - Front, belly

Dorsal/posterior - Back

Lateral - To the side

Medial - Towards the middle

Proximal - Limbs/appendages - towards the trunk

Distal - Away from the trunk

Dorsum/Palmar - Back and front of hand

Dorsum and plantar - Top and sole of foot

Supine - Face up

Prone - Face down

Superficial - Surface

Deep - Below the surface, deeper

Transverse - Cut perpendicular, at right angle to the body axis

Midsagittal - Cut along body axis, left and right mirror images

Parasagittal - Cut parallel to midsagittal plane

Frontal/Coronal - cut along body axis separating front and back

Systemic - Typically 10

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Urinary (Urogenital)
• Gastrointestinal
• Respiratory
• Reproductive

Regional

Axial portion - Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular - Limbs - arms and legs

Trunk/torso - Thorax, abdomen, and pelvic

Cavities

Dorsal cavity - Central Nervous System (CNS)
Cranial Cavity - Brain
Vertebral Canal - Spinal cord

Ventral/visceral (w/scrotal)
Membrane covered organ systems
Thoracic - Chest, above the diaphragm, contains

• Pleural Cavity - Lungs
• Pericardial Cavity - Heart
• Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic - below the diaphragm
Digestive system - Peritoneal Cavity

• Abdomen -
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Some large intestine
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
• Spleen
• Kidneys
• Ureters

Pelvic -

• Some large intestine
• Rectum
• Urinary bladder
• Female reproductive organs

Cavities of the Head

• Sinuses
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoidal
• Maxillary
• Orbital Cavity
• Nasal Cavity
• Oral Cavity
• Middle Ear Cavity

Linings

• Parietal - Outside
• Visceral - Surrounding organ
• Lungs - pleura

  Pleural cavity is located between parietal and visceral membranes

  
  
• Heart - pericardium

  Pericardial cavity

  
  
• Abdominal pelvic - peritoneum

  Peritoneal Cavity

  
  

Mucous membranes

Moist epithelial tissue Line systems which open to the exterior

• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Absorptive and Secretory

Three Layers

• Top layer
• Stratified squamous
• Simple columnar
• Goblet cells
• Middle layer
• Loose areolar Connective Tissue
• (CT)(basement membrane / Lamina propria)
• Bottom layer
• Smooth muscle
• (muscularis mucosae)
• Secrete Mucus - thick and viscous fluid

* Serous Membranes

- Do not open to the exterior

• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pleura

Layer of Simple squamous mesothelium
Thin layer of loose CT

• Secrete serous fluid
• (Thin and watery lubricant)

Homeostasis

- Same status/constant environment

- Regulation of our internal environment; necessary for the cells of the body to survive and function

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Nutrients
• Gases
• Ions
• Chemicals
• Basis of physiology

Level of Complexity

• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Organism