Anatomy and Physiology

Biology 50

Biology 50 - Muscles/Gross Anatomy M. J. Malachowski, Ph.D

Muscle

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Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
.
Buccinator	Alveolar process of the	Orbicularis oris and skin at the	Compresses cheek; pulls corner
	mandible and maxillary bone.	angle of the mouth	of the mouth laterally
.
Corrugator	Frontal bone lateral to the	Skin of the eyebrows	Draws the eyebrows together; as
	glabella		in frowning
.
Frontalis	Galea aponeurotica	Skin and muscles of the	Raises the eyebrows; wrinkles
		forehead	the skin of the forehead.
.
Occipitalis	Occipital bone	Galea aponeurontica	Draws the scalp posteriorly
.
Depressor angular oris	Body of the mandible below the	Skin and muscles of the angle of	Pulls angle of the mouth down
	mental foramen	the mouth
.
Depressor labii inferioris	Body of the mandible between	Skin and muscles of the lower	Pulls the lower lip downward
	the symphysis and the mental	lip
	foramen
.
Zygomaticus	Zygomatic bone	Skin and muscle above angle of	Raise angle of mouth
		mouth
.
Levator labii superioris	Lower margin of orbit	Skin and muscles of the upper	Raises the upper lip and dilates
		lip; and wing of the nose	the nares
.
Mentalis	Mandible; near the symphysis	Skin of the chin	Raises and protrudes the lower
			lip
.
Orbicularis oculi	Frontal and maxillary bones;	Circles the orbit and extends	Closes the eyelids; tightens the
	ligament around orbit	within the eyelids	skin of the forehead
.
Orbicularis oris	Muscles surrounding the mouth	Skin surrounding the mouth	Closes and protrudes the lips
.
Platysma	Fascia over the pectoralis major	Lower border of the mandible;	Depresses the mandible; draws
	and the deltoid muscles	and the skin of chin and cheek	the angle of the mouth
			downward
.
Procerus	Lower portion of the nasal bone;	Skin between the eyebrows	Wrinkles the skin between the
	upper lateral nasal cartilage		eyebrows
.
Temporalis	Temporal fossa	Coronoid process and ramus of	Raises the mandible; closes the
		the mandible	jaw; retracts the mandible
.
Masseter	Zygomatic arch	Angle and ramus of the	Raises the mandible; closing the
		mandible	jaw
.
Sternocleidomastoid	Sternum and clavicle	Mastoid process of the temporal	Flexes the head
		bone
.
Erector spinae group	Various along length of spine	Various along length of spine	Extend the vertebral column
			and head; bend and rotate head
			and vertebral column
.
Diaphragm	The xiphoid process; inner	Central tendon of the diaphragm	Pulls central tendon downward;
	surfaces of lower six ribs and		increases size thoracic cavity
	lumbar vertebrae
.
External intercostals	Inferior border of the ribs and	Superior borders of the ribs	Draws the ribs together; aids
	costal cartilages	below the rib of origin	inhalation
.
Internal intercostals	Inferior border of ribs and costa	Superior borders of rib below	Draws ribs together; aids
	cartilages	the rib of origin	exhalation
.

Subcostales	Inner surface of ribs; near angle	Inner surface of the second &	Draws ribs together to aid
		third rib below rib of origin	expiration
.
Transversus thoracis	Inner surface of the sternum and	Inner surface of the costal	Draws anterior portion of rib
	the xiphoid process	cartilages	cage down to aid expiration
.
External oblique	External surface of lower eight	Linea alba and the anterior half	Compresses the abdominopelvic
	ribs	of iliac crest	cavity; flexes and rotates the
			vertebral column
.
Internal oblique	Inguinal ligament; iliac crest;	Linea alba and the anterior half	Compresses the abdominopelvic
	and lumbodorsal fascia	of iliac crest	cavity; flexes and rotates the
			vertebral column
.
Transversus abdominis	Inguinal ligament; iliac crest	Linea alba and pubic crest	Compresses the abdominopelvic
	lumbodorsal fascia; and the		cavity
	costal cartilages of the last six
	ribs
.
Rectus abdominis	Pubic crest	Xiphoid process and costal	Compresses the abdominopelvic
		cartilages of ribs 5 through 7	cavity and flexes the vertebral
			column
.
Quadratus lumborum	Iliac crest; and iliolumbar	Lower border of rib 12;	Pulls thoracic cage to pelvis;
	ligament	transverse process of upper	bends the vertebral column
		lumbar vertebrae	laterally
.
Trapezius	Occipital bone; ligamentum	Lateral third of the clavicle;	Elevates; depresses rotates;
	nuchia; spinous processes of C7	acromion process; scapula spine	adducts; and stabilizes scapula
	and T1 to T12
.
Rhomboideus major	Spinous process of T2 to T5	Scapular vertebral border and	Adduct; stabilize; and rotate the
		spine	scapula lowering lateral angle
.
Romboideus minor	Spinous process of C7 and T1	Scapular vertebral and base of	Adduct; stabilize; and rotate the
		spine	scapula lowering lateral angle
.
Levator scapulae	Transverse process of C1 to C4	Scapular vertebral border above	Elevates scapula and bends neck
		spine	laterally
.
Pectoralis minor	Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5	Coracoid process of the scapula	Depresses scapula and pulls it
			anteriorly
.
Seratus anterior	Outer surface of first nine ribs	Entire length of the ventral	Stabilizes; abducts; and rotates
		surface of scapular vertebral	scapula upwards
		border
.
Pectoralis major	Medial half of clavicle; sternum;	Greater tubercle of humerus	Flexes; adducts; and medially
	costal cartilages; ribs 1 to 6; &		rotates the arm.
	aponeurosis of external oblique
.
Latissimus dorsi	Spinous process of T7 to L5;	Medial margin of	Extends; adducts; and medially
	sacrum; posterior iliac crest	intertubercular groove of the	rotates the arm
		humerus
.
Deltoid	Lateral third of clavicle;	Deltoid tuberosity of the	Abducts; medially rotates;
	acromion process; and spine of	humerus	extends; and laterally rotates the
	scapula		arm
.
Supraspinatus	Supraspinatus fossa of scapula	Greater tubercle of humerus	Abducts and lateral rotates arm
.
Infraspinatus	Infraspinatus fossa of scapula	Greater tubercle of humerus	Lateral rotation and adduction
		(posterior to supraspinatus)
.
Subscapularis	Subscapular fossa of scapula	Lesser tubercle of humerus	Rotates the arm medially
.
Teres major	Dorsal surface of inferior angle	Lesser tubercle of humerus	Adducts; extends; and medially
	of scapula		rotates arm
.
Teres minor	Axillary border of scapula	Greater tubercle (posterior to	Rotates arm laterally; weak
		infraspinatus)	adduction and extension
.
Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process of scapula	Middle of humerus	Flexes and adducts arm
.
Biceps brachii	L.H. supraglenoid tubercle of	Tuberosity of radius	Flexes forearm and arm;
	scapula		supinates forearm
.
	S.H. coracoid process
.
Brachialis	Anterior surface of distal half of	Coronoid process of ulna	Flexes forearm
	humerus
.
Triceps brachii	L.H. Infraglenoid tubercle of	Olecranon process of ulna	Extends forearm
	scapula
.
	Lat. H. Posterior surface of
	humerus above radial groove
.
	Med. H. Posterior surface of
	humerus below radial groove
.
Brachioradialis	Lateral supracondylar ridge of	Styloid process of the radius	Flexes forearm
	humerus
.
Psoas major	Anterior surfaces and transverse	Lesser trochanter incompany	Flexes hip and lumbar spine
	processes of T12-L5	with iliacus
.
Iliacus	Iliac fossa of ilium	F emur distal to lesser trochanter	Flexes hip and lumbar spine
		and with psoas
.
Gluteus maximus	Iliac crest of ilium; sacrum;	Iliotibial tract and gluteal	Extends and laterally rotates
	coccyx; and lumbodorsal fascia	tuberosity of femur	thigh
.
Gluteus medius	Anterior iliac crest of ilium;	Greater trochanter of femur	Abducts and medially rotates
	lateral surface between posterior		thigh
	and anterior gluteal lines
.
Gluteus minimus	Lateral surface of ilium between	Greater trochanter of femur	Abducts and medially rotates
	inferior and anterior gluteal		thigh
	lines
.
Piriformis	Anterolateral surface of sacrum	Greater trochanter of femur	Laterally rotates and abducts
			thigh
.
Quadratus femoris	Lateral border of ischial	Intertrochanteric crest of femur	Laterally rotates thigh
	tuberosity
.
Biceps femoris	Ischial tuberosity and linea	Head of fibula; lateral condyle	Flexes knee; extends and
	aspera of femur	of tibia	laterally rotates thigh
.
Semitendinosus	Ischial tuberosity	Proximal; medial surface of	Flexes knee; medially rotates
		tibia	leg; and extends hip
.
Semimembranosus	Ischial tuberosity	Posterior surface of medial	Flexes knee; medially rotates
		condyle of tibia	leg; and extends hip
.
Tensor fasciae latae	Iliac crest and lateral surface of	Iliotibial tract	Flexes; abducts; and medially
	anterior superior iliac spine		rotates thigh; laterially support
			knee
.
Sartorius	Anterior superior iliac spine	Medial surface of tibia near	Flexes knee; flexes hip; and
		tibial tuberosity	laterally rotates thigh
.
Rectus femoris	Anterior inferior iliac spine and	Tibial tuberosity via patellar
	superior acetabular rim of ilium	ligament	Extends knee; flexes thigh
.
Vastus lateralis	Anterior and inferior to greater	Tibial tuberosity via patellar	Extends knee
	trochanter of femur and along	ligament
	linea aspera
.
Vastus intermedius	Anterior and lateral surfaces of	Tibial tuberosity via patellar	Extends knee
	proximal femur shaft.	ligament
.
Vastus medialis	Entire length of linea aspera of	Tibial tuberosity via patellar	Extends knee; stabilize patella
	femur	ligament
.
Gracilis	Inferior ramus of pubis	Medial surface of tibia inferior	Flexes leg; adducts and medially
		to medial condyle	rotates thigh
.
Adductor brevis	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linea aspera of femur	Adducts; medially rotates; and
			flexes thigh
.
Adductor magnus	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linear aspera and adductor	Adducts thigh; rotation and
		tubercle of femur	extension
.
Adductor longus	Inferior ramus of pubis	Linea aspera of femur	Adducts; flexes; and medially
			rotates thigh
.
Gastrocnemius	Femoral condyles	Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon	Plantar flexes; inverts; and
			adducts foot; flexes knee
.
Soleus	Head and proximal shaft of	Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon	Plantar flexes; inverts; and
	fibula; and adjacent		adducts foot
	posteromedial shaft of tibia
.
Peroneus longus	Lateral condyle of tibia; head	Base of 1 st metatarsal bone	Everts and plantar flexes foot;
	and proximal shaft of fibula	andmedial cuneiform bone	supports longitudinal arch
.
Peroneus brevis	Midlateral margin of fibula	Base of 5 th metatarsal bone	Everts and plantar flexes foot
.
Tibialis posterior	Interosseous membrane and	Tarsal and metatarsal bones	Adducts; inverts; and plantar
	adjecent shafts of tibia and		flexes foot
	fibula
.
Tibialis anterior	Lateral condyle and proximal	Base of 1 st metatarsal bone	Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
	shaft of tibia	and medial cuneiform bone